Ascorbic acid

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Ascorbic acid

 

Ascorbic acid (from al-Greek. ἀ — not + lat. scorbutus — scurvy) — organic a compound of the formula C6H8O6, is one of the major substances in the human the diet, necessary for normal functioning of connective and bone.

Performs the biological function of a reducing agent and coenzyme in some metabolic processes, is an antioxidant. Biologically active only one of isomers L-ascorbic acid that is called vitamin C. In nature ascorbic acid is found in many fruits and vegetables.

Beriberi ascorbic acid causes scurvy.

At physical properties ascorbic acid is a white crystalline powder sour taste. Easily soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. The melting point of L-ascorbic acid is 190-192 °C(with decomposition).

Due the presence of two asymmetric atoms, there are four diastereomer ascorbic acid. Two conventionally referred to as L - and D - chiral forms relative to the atom carbon in the furan ring, and ISO - form is a D-isomer in the carbon atom in the ethyl side chain.

L-isoascorbate, or altarboy, acid used as a food additive E315.

Getting ascorbic acid

Synthetically get from glucose using fermentation on some stages (bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans by the method of Hoffmann-La Roche or Erwinia herbicola and Corynebacterium according to the method of Genentech).

Synthesized plants of different hexoses (glucose, galactose) and most animals (from galactose), with the exception of primates and some other animals (e.g., Guinea pigs), who receive her with food.

Education collagen, serotonin from tryptophan, formation of catecholamines, synthesis corticosteroids. Ascorbic acid is also involved in the conversion cholesterol into bile acids.

Vitamin C essential for detoxification in hepatocytes with the participation of zitohroma P450. Vitamin C he neutralizes the superoxide radical to hydrogen peroxide.

Restores ubiquinone and vitamin E. it Stimulates the synthesis of interferon, therefore, is involved in immunomodulirutaya. Along with tartaric, malic, citric, lactic acids, and probably removem iron, which at least restores in or, in the case of bivalent iron in structure Gema acting also for the yet unknown mechanism — ascorbic acid improves the absorption of iron, occurring mainly in the small intestine, a carrier of divalent ions (DMT1) located at the apical membrane of enterocytes, in exchange for two proton.

Inhibits glycosylation of hemoglobin, inhibits the conversion of glucose to sorbitol.

There are data on the neuroprotective action of ascorbic acid, in particular its a positive effect in premature aging, prevention of age-related reduction of cognitive abilities and Alzheimer's disease. At the same time throughout visibility avoidance of vitamin deficiency has a more positive effect, compared to the use of large doses as supplements to a healthy diet.

Most rich in ascorbic acid, the fruits of the Barbados cherry, fresh rose, Bulgarian red pepper, black currant and sea buckthorn, green pepper sweet and parsley, Brussels sprouts, fennel and leek (Kalba), and kiwifruits, strawberries garden, citrus, apples, unripe fruits of walnut, and hotsoni fir.

Application

Pharmacology

Ascorbic the acid is introduced when the carbon monoxide poisoning, metgemoglobinobrazovatelyami in large doses — 0.25 ml/kg of 5% solution per day. The drug is powerful antioxidant, normalizes the redox processes.

Food industry

Ascorbic acid and its sodium (sodium ascorbate), calcium and potassium salt used in the food industry as antioxidants E300 — E305, to prevent oxidation of the product.

Cosmetology

Vitamin C used in cosmetics for anti-ageing, healing and restore the protective functions of the skin, in particular, to restore moisture and elasticity of the skin after exposure to sunlight. In the creams it is also administered for skin lightening and anti-pigmentation.

Photo

One of the non-food applications of ascorbic acid is its use as a developing agent in photography, in both industrial and homemade the developers. Currently, most manufacturers of photochemistry are in their product lines developers for photographic films and papers, composition which includes ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate. The main advantage of such developers — the absence of any harmful health effects person in contact with the solution as many synthetic manifesting substances in varying degrees, toxic.

For photographic purposes, ascorbic acid is used together with other manifesting substances, most often with pyrogallol, hydroquinone and metol. The oxidized form of the substance in the developer does not react with sodium sulfite and most, has no retarding effect on the process of manifestation. More active in photographic developers is ascorbic and isoascorbic acid.

Transporterowych ascorbic acid is usually in the package all types of ground indoor transport.

Store ascorbic acid in the original packaging in a ventilated, cool and dry a closed warehouse.

 

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