Nitric acid

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Nitric acid

Nitric acid (HNO3) is a strong monobasic acid. Solid nitric acid forms two crystalline modifications with monoclinic and orthorhombic lattices.

Nitric acid is miscible with water in all proportions. In aqueous solutions it dissociates almost completely into ions. Forms with water an azeotrope with a concentration of 68.4% and tкип120 °C at normal atmospheric pressure. There are two solid hydrate: the monohydrate (HNO3·H2O) and the trihydrate (HNO3·3H2O). Acid poisonous.

Nitrogen acid — a colorless, fuming in the air liquid, melting point -41,59 °C boiling point +82,6 °C (at atmospheric pressure) with partial decomposition. Aqueous solutions of HNO3, with mass fractions of 0.95-0,98 called "fuming nitric acid", with a mass fraction of 0.6-0.7 — concentrated nitric acid. With water forms an azeotropic mixture (mass fraction of 68.4 %, d20 = 1,41 g/cm, BP = of 120.7 °C)

Nitric acid is one of the most important and large-tonnage products of chemical industry. It is produced in very large quantities used for production of nitrogen fertilizer, ferrous metallurgy for the separation of metals and in the chemical industry for the production of plastics, explosives, celluloid and photokinetic, artificial fibers, organic dyes, therapeutic agents, photos for acidification of some tinting solutions in easel graphics for etching printed forms.

The scope of application of nitric acid varied.

Xhimicheskaja industry. With the help of nitric acid get sulfuric and phosphoric acids. Nitric acid is used for the manufacture of organic dyes, as well as for the production of nitrocellulose.

Nitric acid is used in food industry for cleaning of equipment and pipes from mineral deposits different origin. This acid is used for cleaning process equipment (sterilizers, pasteurizers, etc.) in the dairy, brewing industry. Using a solution of nitric acid descaling clean the surface of the heat exchanger apparatus, tanks, pipelines, boilers. Treatment with nitric acid against precipitation and deposition of salts used in drip irrigation systems.

Nitric acid is a raw material for the production of fertilizers: potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, complex fertilizers. Nitrate fertilizers dissolve quickly in water and are well absorbed by plants. Nitrogen acid is part of the solutions designed for hydroponics. In greenhouses use liquid nitrogen fertilizers based on nitrogen acid. Liquid nitrogen fertilizers are not razbryzgivayut on the soil surface, and close up directly into the ground using special machines.

This acid is used in the military industry. From it is made of poison and explosives (RDX, TNT, trinitroglycerin). Nitric acid used as the oxidizer for the manufacture of rocket fuel.

Regular customers of nitric acid are companies in the metallurgical industry, where this reagent is used for dissolution and etching of various metals. Used nitric acid to determine the purity of precious metals and alloys in the jewelry shops.

Not left without attention of this substance manufacturers pharmaceuticals. Nitric acid is part of many medicines. The most famous of these is nitroglycerin. In medicine, nitric acid cauterize warts and other skin lesions.

Nitrogen the liquid is stored and transported in special cryogenic tanks. NitrogenNaya acid belongs to a class of dangerous goods. Therefore, the transport used to transport nitrogen must be equipped in accordance with regulations on the transport of dangerous goods.

Concentrated nitric acid is stored in tanks and transported in wellzeleznodoroznyj tanks of aluminum.

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