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Vitaly Bronshten Planets and their observation
Table of CONTENTS
Preface of the editorial Board 5
Preface 7
CHAPTER I
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PLANETS
§ 1. What are the planets 9
§ 2. Historical sketch of the development of knowledge about planets 16
§ 3. The Solar system 24
CHAPTER II
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION OF PLANETS
§ 4. Determination of masses and diameters of the planets 30
§ 5. Observation of the surfaces of the planets through a telescope 34
§ 6. Photographing the planets 36
§ 7. photometry 39
§ 8. Radiometric observations 48
§ 9. Spectral analysis 50
§ 10. Radio astronomy research methods 59
§ 11. Radar planets 64
§ 12. Planetary exploration spacecraft 68
CHAPTER III
THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF PLANETS
§ 13. Mercury 73
§ 14. Venus 80
§ 15. Mars 91
§ 16. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune 104
§17. Pluton 117
§ 18. Satellites of the planets and asteroids 120
§ 19. The internal structure of the planets 135
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETS
§ 20. Goals and staci Amateur observations 143
§ 21. General rules of observations 145
§ 22. The conditions of observations 148
§ 23. Tools and equipment 152
§ 24. Observations Of Venus 155
§ 25. Observations Of Mars 158
§ 26. Jupiter Observations 162
§ 27. Observations of Saturn and its rings 167
§ 28. Observations of other planets 169
§ 29. Photographing the planets by means of Amateur astronomy 172
§ 30. Photoelectric photometry of the planets 179
CHAPTER V
PROCESSING OF OBSERVATIONS
§ 31. What is the treatment of observations 187
§ 32. Observation error 189
§ 33. The elements of the planetary orbits and ephemerides 193
§ 34. Processing of observations of phases of Venus, 197
§ 35. Processing of observations of bands of Jupiter 200
§ 36. Mapping the planets 203
§ 37. The definition of the period of rotation of the planet 212
§ 38. The processing of photometric observations 214
§ 39. The organization and programme of work 215
APPLICATION
1. Table for processing of drawings of planets 217
2. Data on planets and satellites 224
3. The list of zodiacal constellations 230
4. Grid for mapping the planets 231
Literature 237
Preface of the editorial boards of a series of books
"LIBRARY OF AMATEUR ASTRONOMY"
This book begins the publication of series of books "Library lover astronomy", which begins to publish the Home edition physico-mathematical literature publishing house "Science" and all-Union astronomic-geodesic society. The series not only to inform Amateur astronomy basic information about the subject (the firmament, the group of celestial bodies, celestial phenomena), but also give him leadership for of reference, scientific and valuable observations of these objects and for processing etizh observations.
In line with this purpose, each book is divided into two parts: descriptive, which presents modern data about data heaven bodies or phenomena, and guidance, which describes techniques and methods of observations and treatment.
All-Union astronomic-geodesic society gets many letters from astronomy fans with a request to give them certain guidelines for observations of celestial objects with a scientific purpose. Some of these requests met with a series of instructions in a "Permanent part of the Astronomical calendar", in "Handbook of Amateur astronomy" by P. G. Kulikovskii, in the book by V. P. Tsesevich "What to observe in the sky." However, the user for the observations contained in these books are of necessity written very briefly and not always meet the love of nabludatel.
50 years in publishing Fizmatgiz was released a number Knish with similar the title: "the Sun and its observation" (author V. V. Sharonov), "the Moon and its observation" (author N. N. Sytinskiy), "Planets and their observation" (author V. A. Bronsten), "variable stars and their observations" (authors P. II. Steamed and B. Kukarkin). These books were a success among the fans astronomy, many of them used.
Currently, the all-Union astronomic-geodesic society and publishing house "Science" begin to release a series of books for fans of astronomy. Among them are reprints (as proposed readers the book by V. A. Bronshten), and books written absolutely again. After the book "Planets and their observation" editorial Board hoping to release the book by V. P. Tsesevich "variable stars and their observation." In terms of the series will be released as the following books:
V. V. Shevchenko, the Moon and its observation.
K. I. Churyumov — Comets and their observation.
I. T. Zotkin — Meteors and their observation.
E. V. Kononovich, the Sun and observation.
The editorial Board asks all readers to send their comments and proposals for publication of series of books and other literature for the Amateurs of astronomy address: 103009, Moscow, K-9, a/ya 918, Union astronomic-Geode-man's physical society, Editorial-publishing section.
The book series "Library of Amateur astronomy" and other books astronomy can be enjoyed in the division "Book — mail" next Moscow bookstores: No. 3 Academkniga at: 117464, Moscow B-464, Michurinsky Prospekt, d. 12, and No. 8 Mockney address: 103050, Moscow K-50, Medvedeva str., 1, as they are out in the light.
Editorial Board
Twenty-odd years since the publication of the first edition this book marked a real revolution in the planetary research. The development of space techniques to study the planets and a number of ground methods: radio astronomy, radar, infrared spectroscopy, Fourier spectroscopy, polarimetry and other led to a tremendous increase in the level of our knowledge about the nature of the planets, their satellites and asteroids. Now the surface of mercury and of Mars, Phobos and Deimos we are so well known as the lunar surface. Received pictures from a close distance
Table of CONTENTS
Preface of the editorial Board 5
Preface 7
CHAPTER I
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PLANETS
§ 1. What are the planets 9
§ 2. Historical sketch of the development of knowledge about planets 16
§ 3. The Solar system 24
CHAPTER II
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION OF PLANETS
§ 4. Determination of masses and diameters of the planets 30
§ 5. Observation of the surfaces of the planets through a telescope 34
§ 6. Photographing the planets 36
§ 7. photometry 39
§ 8. Radiometric observations 48
§ 9. Spectral analysis 50
§ 10. Radio astronomy research methods 59
§ 11. Radar planets 64
§ 12. Planetary exploration spacecraft 68
CHAPTER III
THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF PLANETS
§ 13. Mercury 73
§ 14. Venus 80
§ 15. Mars 91
§ 16. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune 104
§17. Pluton 117
§ 18. Satellites of the planets and asteroids 120
§ 19. The internal structure of the planets 135
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETS
§ 20. Goals and staci Amateur observations 143
§ 21. General rules of observations 145
§ 22. The conditions of observations 148
§ 23. Tools and equipment 152
§ 24. Observations Of Venus 155
§ 25. Observations Of Mars 158
§ 26. Jupiter Observations 162
§ 27. Observations of Saturn and its rings 167
§ 28. Observations of other planets 169
§ 29. Photographing the planets by means of Amateur astronomy 172
§ 30. Photoelectric photometry of the planets 179
CHAPTER V
PROCESSING OF OBSERVATIONS
§ 31. What is the treatment of observations 187
§ 32. Observation error 189
§ 33. The elements of the planetary orbits and ephemerides 193
§ 34. Processing of observations of phases of Venus, 197
§ 35. Processing of observations of bands of Jupiter 200
§ 36. Mapping the planets 203
§ 37. The definition of the period of rotation of the planet 212
§ 38. The processing of photometric observations 214
§ 39. The organization and programme of work 215
APPLICATION
1. Table for processing of drawings of planets 217
2. Data on planets and satellites 224
3. The list of zodiacal constellations 230
4. Grid for mapping the planets 231
Literature 237
Preface of the editorial boards of a series of books
"LIBRARY OF AMATEUR ASTRONOMY"
This book begins the publication of series of books "Library lover astronomy", which begins to publish the Home edition physico-mathematical literature publishing house "Science" and all-Union astronomic-geodesic society. The series not only to inform Amateur astronomy basic information about the subject (the firmament, the group of celestial bodies, celestial phenomena), but also give him leadership for of reference, scientific and valuable observations of these objects and for processing etizh observations.
In line with this purpose, each book is divided into two parts: descriptive, which presents modern data about data heaven bodies or phenomena, and guidance, which describes techniques and methods of observations and treatment.
All-Union astronomic-geodesic society gets many letters from astronomy fans with a request to give them certain guidelines for observations of celestial objects with a scientific purpose. Some of these requests met with a series of instructions in a "Permanent part of the Astronomical calendar", in "Handbook of Amateur astronomy" by P. G. Kulikovskii, in the book by V. P. Tsesevich "What to observe in the sky." However, the user for the observations contained in these books are of necessity written very briefly and not always meet the love of nabludatel.
50 years in publishing Fizmatgiz was released a number Knish with similar the title: "the Sun and its observation" (author V. V. Sharonov), "the Moon and its observation" (author N. N. Sytinskiy), "Planets and their observation" (author V. A. Bronsten), "variable stars and their observations" (authors P. II. Steamed and B. Kukarkin). These books were a success among the fans astronomy, many of them used.
Currently, the all-Union astronomic-geodesic society and publishing house "Science" begin to release a series of books for fans of astronomy. Among them are reprints (as proposed readers the book by V. A. Bronshten), and books written absolutely again. After the book "Planets and their observation" editorial Board hoping to release the book by V. P. Tsesevich "variable stars and their observation." In terms of the series will be released as the following books:
V. V. Shevchenko, the Moon and its observation.
K. I. Churyumov — Comets and their observation.
I. T. Zotkin — Meteors and their observation.
E. V. Kononovich, the Sun and observation.
The editorial Board asks all readers to send their comments and proposals for publication of series of books and other literature for the Amateurs of astronomy address: 103009, Moscow, K-9, a/ya 918, Union astronomic-Geode-man's physical society, Editorial-publishing section.
The book series "Library of Amateur astronomy" and other books astronomy can be enjoyed in the division "Book — mail" next Moscow bookstores: No. 3 Academkniga at: 117464, Moscow B-464, Michurinsky Prospekt, d. 12, and No. 8 Mockney address: 103050, Moscow K-50, Medvedeva str., 1, as they are out in the light.
Editorial Board
Twenty-odd years since the publication of the first edition this book marked a real revolution in the planetary research. The development of space techniques to study the planets and a number of ground methods: radio astronomy, radar, infrared spectroscopy, Fourier spectroscopy, polarimetry and other led to a tremendous increase in the level of our knowledge about the nature of the planets, their satellites and asteroids. Now the surface of mercury and of Mars, Phobos and Deimos we are so well known as the lunar surface. Received pictures from a close distance
