Soda caustica

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Hydroxide sodium

Hydroxide sodium (lat. Natrii hydroxidum; other names - caustic soda, caustic, caustic soda caustic alkali) is the most common alkali, chemical formula NaOH. A year in the world produces and consumes about 57 million tons of caustic soda.

Hydroxide sodium - white solid. Strongly hygroscopic, air "spread out", actively absorbing water vapor from the air. Soluble in water, it releases large amount of heat. A solution of sodium hydroxide soap to the touch.

Hydroxide sodium is a strong chemical base (the bases include the hydroxides, the molecules of which completely dissociate in water), these include the hydroxides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals of subgroups Ia and IIA of the periodic system D. I. Mendeleev, KOH (potassium hydroxide) Ba (OH) 2 (caustic barytes), LiOH, RbOH, CsOH, and hydroxide monovalent thallium TlOH. Alkalinity (basicity) is determined by the valence metal with a radius of outer electronic shell and electrochemical activity: the larger the radius of the electron shell (with increased sequence number), the easier metal gives electrons, and the higher its electrochemical activity and the to the left is an element in the electrochemical series of metal activity in which zero accepted activity of hydrogen.

Aqueous solutions NaOH has a strong alkaline reaction (pH of 1% solution = 13). The main methods determination of alkalis in solution are reactions of the hydroxide ion (OH-), (phenolphthalein crimson staining and methyl orange (methylorange) - yellow color). The more hydroxyl ions is in solution, the stronger the alkali, and the the more intense the color of the indicator.

Hydroxide sodium comes in the following reactions: with acids, amphoteric oxides and hydroxides; with amphoteric hydroxides, salts in solution; nonmetals; the Halogens; metals; with esters by amides and alcelaphinae (hydrolysis); polyhydric alcohols - with the formation alcoholedu.

Hydroxide sodium is produced in industry by chemical and electrochemical methods.

Caustic soda is used in many industries and for domestic use.

Caustic used in pulp and paper industry for delignification (sulfate process) for pulp, in the manufacture of paper, cardboard, synthetic fibres, wood-fiber boards.

For the saponification of fats in the manufacture of soap, shampoo and other detergents. Now time products based on sodium hydroxide (adding potassium hydroxide) heated to 50-60 ° C, are used in the field of industrial washing system for cleaning stainless steel products from grease and other oily substances and residues machining.

In chemical industries - to neutralize acids and acidic oxides, as a reagent or catalyst in chemical reactions, in chemical analysis for titration, for etching aluminum and in the production of pure metals, oil refining for the production of oils.

For the production of biodiesel fuel derived from vegetable oils and used to replace conventional diesel fuel. To obtain biodiesel by nine mass units of vegetable oil added to one mass a unit of alcohol (ie, observed ratio 9: 1) and alkaline catalyst (NaOH). The resulting ether (mainly linoleic acid) has a good lesson that provides a high cetane number. The cetane number of conventional quantitative characteristics of auto-ignition of diesel fuels in the cylinder (similar to octane number for gasoline). If for mineral diesel fuel characteristic figure in 50-52%, the methyl ester is initially fits 56-58% cetena. Raw materials for biodiesel production may be different vegetable oils: rapeseed, soybean, and others, except those in which a high content of palmitic acid (palm oil). In its production process esterification also produces glycerine which is used in food, cosmetic and paper industry, or processed into Achlorhydric for the Solvay method.

In an agent for dissolving blockages of sewer pipes in the form of dry granules or gels. Sodium hydroxide desegregate clogging and promotes easy to promote its further down the pipe.

In civil defense for degassing and neutralization of toxic substances, including Zarina, self-contained breathing apparatus (IDA), for air purification exhaled air from carbon dioxide.

In the textile industry - for mercerizing cotton and wool. During a short-term treatment sodium hydroxide followed by washing the fiber gains strength and silky Shine.

Hydroxide sodium is also used for washing the molds of the tires.

In photos - as the accelerating substance in prijavnica for high speed machining photographic materials.

Hydroxide sodium is a caustic and corrosive substance. It is a substance of second class of danger. So when you work with him you need to be careful. When hit on the skin, mucous membranes and eyes are serious chemical burns. When working with sodium hydroxide it is recommended to use the following protective equipment: glasses for eye protection, rubber gloves or gloves with rubberized surface for hand protection, body protection - chemical-resistant clothing impregnated vinyl or rubberized suits.

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